NUGENIS – DR EDUARD RAPPOLD, MSc

The following bibliography documents the scientific foundations of epigenetics (2026)

It includes key publications in molecular biology and epigenetics, clinical studies, translational research, as well as contributions from related disciplines such as neuroscience, metabolic biology, oncology, psychoneuroimmunology, and health sciences.

A

Abdallah, C. G., et al. (2018).
Ketamine’s mechanism of action: A path to rapid-acting antidepressants.
Depression and Anxiety, 35, 104–114.
https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22739

Aktan, F. (2004).
iNOS-mediated nitric oxide production and inflammation.
Life Sciences, 75, 639–653.

Albert, M. S., DeKosky, S. T., Dickson, D., Dubois, B., Feldman, H. H., Fox, N. C., Gamst, A., Holtzman, D. M., Jagust, W. J., Petersen, R. C., Snyder, P. J., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s & Dementia, 7(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.008

Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., & Walter, P. (2015).
Molecular biology of the cell (6th ed.). Garland Science.

Allis, C. D., Jenuwein, T., & Reinberg, D. (2015).
Epigenetics (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

Allis, C. D., & Jenuwein, T. (2016).
Epigenetics in the twenty-first century.
Cell, 167(1), 13–27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.02.006

Almasio, P., Bortolini, M., Pagliaro, L., & Coltorti, M. (1990). Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis. Drugs, 40(Suppl. 3), 111–123

Apkarian, A. V., Hashmi, J. A., & Baliki, M. N. (2011).
Pain and the brain: Specificity and plasticity of the brain in clinical chronic pain.
Pain, 152(3 Suppl), S49–S64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.11.010

Arrieta, M.-C., et al. (2014).
The intestinal micobiome in early life.
Frontiers in Immunology, 5, 427.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00427

Attwell, D., & Laughlin, S. B. (2001).
An energy budget for signaling in the grey matter of the brain.
Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, 21(10), 1133–1145.
https://doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200110000-00001

Azzi, A., et al. (2014).
Circadian behavior is light-reprogrammed by plastic DNA methylation.
Nature Neuroscience, 17(3), 377–382.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3651

B

Bale, T. L. (2015).
Epigenetic and transgenerational reprogramming of brain development.
Nature Neuroscience, 18, 1359–1368.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4116

Balkwill, F. R., Capasso, M., & Hagemann, T. (2012).
The tumor microenvironment at a glance.
Journal of Cell Science, 125(23), 5591–5596.
https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.116392

Barnes, P. J. (2017).
Targeting epigenetic regulation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma.
Nature Reviews Immunology, 17(2), 81–96.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.146

Barker, D. J. P. (2007). The origins of the developmental origins theory. Journal of Internal Medicine, 261(5), 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01809.x

Barres, R., et al. (2012).
Acute exercise remodels promoter methylation in human skeletal muscle.
Cell Metabolism, 15(3), 405–411.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.01.001

Bartolomei, M.S. & Tilghman, S.M. (1997).
Genomic imprinting in mammals.
Annual Review of Genetics, 31, 493–525.

Bartz, J. A., Zaki, J., Bolger, N., & Ochsner, K. N. (2011).
Social effects of oxytocin in humans: Context and person matter.
Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(7), 301–309.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.002

Bass, J., & Lazar, M. A. (2016).
Circadian time signatures of fitness and disease.
Science, 354(6315), 994–999.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4965

Baylin, S. B., & Jones, P. A. (2016).
Epigenetic determinants of cancer.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 8(9), a019505.
https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a019505

Bechtel, W., McGoohan, S., Zeisberg, E. M., et al. (2010).
Methylation determines fibroblast activation and fibrogenesis in the kidney.
Nature Medicine, 16, 544–550.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.2135

Berridge, M. J. (2012).
Calcium signalling remodelling and disease.
Biochemical Society Transactions, 40(2), 297–309.
https://doi.org/10.1042/BST20110766

Bird, A. (2002).
DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory.
Genes & Development, 16(1), 6–21.
https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.947102

Bird, A. (2007).
Perceptions of epigenetics.
Nature, 447(7143), 396–398.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05913

Blackburn, E. H., Epel, E. S., & Lin, J. (2015).
Human telomere biology: A contributory and interactive factor in aging, disease risks, and protection.
Science, 350(6265), 1193–1198.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aab3389

Blagojević BD, Brunel-Muguet S, Šućur R, Mladenov V, Balaž I, Vollmann J, Fotopoulos V, Mäder K. The role of spermidine in plants and humans: a pathway from climate change adaptation to health benefits. NPJ Sci Food. 2026 Feb 9;10(1):68. doi: 10.1038/s41538-025-00695-2. PMID: 41663409; PMCID: PMC12917199.

Bowlby, J. (1969).
Attachment and loss: Vol. 1. Attachment.
New York, NY: Basic Books.

Boyce, W. T., & Ellis, B. J. (2005). Biological sensitivity to context: I. An evolutionary–developmental theory of the origins and functions of stress reactivity. Development and Psychopathology, 17(2), 271–301. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579405050145

C

Cacioppo, J. T., & Cacioppo, S. (2014). Social relationships and health: The toxic effects of perceived social isolation. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 8(2), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12087

Campisi, J. (2013).
Aging, cellular senescence, and cancer.
Annual Review of Physiology, 75, 685–705.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-030212-183653

Cantó, C., & Auwerx, J. (2009).
Calorie restriction, SIRT1 and longevity.
Cell Metabolism, 8(2), 85–90.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2008.12.001

Carter, C. S. (2014).
Oxytocin pathways and the evolution of human behavior.
Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 17–39.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115110

Caspi, A., et al. (2003).
Influence of life stress on depression: Moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene.
Science, 301(5631), 386–389.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083968

Cole, S. W. (2014).
Human social genomics.
Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 145–170.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115054

Cremer, T., & Cremer, M. (2001).
Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation.
Nature Reviews Genetics, 2(4), 292–301.
https://doi.org/10.1038/35066075

Cuylen, S., Blaukopf, C., Politi, A. Z., Müller-Reichert, T., Neumann, B., Poser, I., Ellenberg, J., Hyman, A. A., & Gerlich, D. W. (2016).
Ki-67 acts as a biological surfactant to disperse mitotic chromosomes.
Nature, 535(7611), 308–312.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18610

D

Danese, A., & McEwen, B. S. (2012).
Adverse childhood experiences, allostasis, and allostatic load.
Physiology & Behavior, 106, 29–39.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.08.019

De Dreu, C. K. W., Greer, L. L., Van Kleef, G. A., Shalvi, S., & Handgraaf, M. J. J.

(2010).
Oxytocin promotes human ethnocentrism.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(28), 1262–1266.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0909575107

De Jager, P. L., et al. (2014).
Early alterations in DNA methylation at ANK1 in Alzheimer’s disease.
Nature Neuroscience, 17(9), 1156–1163.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3786

Dekker, J., Marti-Renom, M. A., & Mirny, L. A. (2013).
Exploring the three-dimensional organization of genomes: Interpreting chromatin interaction data. Nature Reviews Genetics, 14(6), 390–403.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3454

Dixon, J. R., Selvaraj, S., Yue, F., Kim, A., Li, Y., Shen, Y., Hu, M., Liu, J. S., & Ren, B. (2012).
Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions.
Nature, 485(7398), 376–380.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11082

Do Carmo, S., Hanzel, C., Jacobs, M., et al. (2016). Rescue of early BACE-1 and global DNA demethylation by S-adenosylmethionine reduces amyloid pathology and improves cognition in an Alzheimer’s model. Scientific Reports, 6, 34051. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep34051

Duman, R. S., Aghajanian, G. K., Sanacora, G., & Krystal, J. H. (2016).
Synaptic plasticity and depression: New insights from stress and rapid-acting antidepressants.
Nature Medicine, 22, 238–249.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4050

E

Eisenberg, T., Knauer, H., Schauer, A., Büttner, S., Ruckenstuhl, C., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Ring, J., Schroeder, S., Magnes, C., Antonacci, L., Fussi, H., Deszcz, L., Hartl, R., Schraml, E., Criollo, A., Megalou, E., Weiskopf, D., Laun, P., Heeren, G., … Madeo, F. (2009).
Induction of autophagy by spermidine promotes longevity.
Nature Cell Biology, 11(11), 1305–1314.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1975

Ekblom, J., Jossan, S. S., Bergström, M., Oreland, L., Walum, E., & Aquilonius, S. M. (1993).
Monoamine oxidase B activity in aging and Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurobiology of Aging, 14, 547–554.

Epel, E. S., et al. (2018).
Stress and aging: A systems biology perspective.
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 14, 155–181.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050817-084211

Esteller, M. (2008).
Epigenetics in cancer.
New England Journal of Medicine, 358(11), 1148–1159.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra072067

F

Feldman, R. (2012).
Oxytocin and social affiliation in humans.
Hormones and Behavior, 61(3), 380–391.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.01.008

Feldman, R. (2015).
The adaptive human parental brain: Implications for children’s social development.
Trends in Neurosciences, 38(6), 387–399.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.004

Ferrucci, L., & Fabbri, E. (2018).
Inflammageing: Chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty.
Nature Reviews Cardiology, 15, 505–522.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41569-018-0064-2

Ferrucci, L., et al. (2020).
Measuring biological aging in humans.
Science, 368(6488), 234–239.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaw9026

Floess, S., et al. (2007).
Epigenetic control of the foxp3 locus in regulatory T cells.
PLoS Biology, 5(2), e38.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050038

Franceschi, C., & Campisi, J. (2014).
Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases.
Science, 346(6209), 519–524.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1255212

Furman, D., Campisi, J., Verdin, E., et al. (2019).
Chronic inflammation in the etiology of disease across the life span.
Nature Medicine, 25, 1822–1832.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0675-0

G

Gibson, B. A., Doolittle, L. K., Schneider, M. W. G., Jensen, L. E., Gamarra, N., Henry, L., … Rosen, M. K. (2019). Organization of chromatin by intrinsic and regulated phase separation. Cell, 179(2), 470–484.e21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.037

Glass, C. K., & Natoli, G. (2016).
Molecular control of activation and priming in macrophages.
Nature Immunology, 17(1), 26–33.
https://doi.org/10.1038/ni.3306

Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., Cooper, C., & Thornburg, K. L. (2008).
Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease.
New England Journal of Medicine, 359(1), 61–73.
https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0708473

Gluckman, P. D., Hanson, M. A., & Low, F. M. (2011). The role of developmental plasticity and epigenetics in human health. Birth Defects Research Part C, 93(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.20198

H

Hall, E. T. (1966).
The hidden dimension.
New York, NY: Doubleday.

Hardy, M. L., Coulter, I., Morton, S. C., Favreau, J., Venuturupalli, S., Chiappelli, F., Rossi, F., Orshansky, G., Jungvig, L. K., Roth, E. A., & Shekelle, P. (2003). S-adenosyl-L-methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. Evidence Report/Technology Assessment, (64), 1–3.

Hayden, M. S., & Ghosh, S. (2008).
Shared principles in NF-κB signaling.
Cell, 132(3), 344–362.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.020

Heijmans, B. T., Tobi, E. W., Stein, A. D., Putter, H., Blauw, G. J., Susser, E. S., … Lumey, L. H. (2008). Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(44), 17046–17049. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105

Heinrichs, M., von Dawans, B., & Domes, G. (2009).
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and human social behavior.
Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 30(4), 548–557.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2009.05.005

Hoepner, C. T., McIntyre, R. S., & Papakostas, G. I. (2021). Impact of supplementation and nutritional interventions on pathogenic processes of mood disorders: A review of the evidence. Nutrients, 13(3), 767. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030767

Holper, S., Watson, R., Churilov, L., Yates, P., Lim, Y. Y., Barnham, K. J., & Yassi, N. (2023). Protocol of a phase II randomized, multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of S-adenosyl methionine in participants with mild cognitive impairment or dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease, 10(4), 800–809. https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2023.55

Horvath, S. (2013).
DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types.
Genome Biology, 14, R115.
https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115

Horvath, S., & Raj, K. (2018).
DNA methylation-based biomarkers and the epigenetic clock theory of ageing.
Nature Reviews Genetics, 19(6), 371–384.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-018-0004-3

Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006).
Inflammation and metabolic disorders.
Nature, 444(7121), 860–867.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05485

Hyman, A. A., Weber, C. A., & Jülicher, F. (2014).
Liquid–liquid phase separation in biology.
Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 30, 39–58.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100913-013325

I

Imai, S.-i., & Guarente, L. (2014).
NAD⁺ and sirtuins in aging and disease.
Trends in Cell Biology, 24(8), 464–471.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tcb.2014.04.002

Issa, J.-P. J. (2014).
Aging and epigenetic drift: A vicious cycle.
Journal of Clinical Investigation, 124(1), 24–29.
https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI69735

J

Jones, P. A. (2012).
Functions of DNA methylation: Islands, start sites, gene bodies and beyond.
Nature Reviews Genetics, 13(7), 484–492.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3230

Josefowicz, S. Z., Lu, L.-F., & Rudensky, A. Y. (2012).
Regulatory T cells: Mechanisms of differentiation and function.
Annual Review of Immunology, 30, 531–564.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141623

K

Kaelin, W. G., & McKnight, S. L. (2013). Influence of metabolism on epigenetics and disease. Cell, 153(1), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.004

Klengel, T., & Binder, E. B. (2015). FKBP5 allele-specific epigenetic modification. Neuron, 86(2), 339–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.023

Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005).
Oxytocin increases trust in humans.
Nature, 435(7042), 673–676.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03701

Kumsta, R., et al. (2013).
Oxytocin receptor gene methylation in humans.
Translational Psychiatry, 3, e300.
https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2013.78

Kuzawa, C. W., & Sweet, E. (2009). Epigenetics and the embodiment of race: Developmental origins of US racial disparities in cardiovascular health. American Journal of Human Biology, 21(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20822

L

Lawrence, T. (2009).
The nuclear factor NF-κB pathway in inflammation.
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 1(6), a001651.
https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a001651

Levine, M. E., Lu, A. T., Quach, A., et al. (2018). Epigenetic biomarkers of aging (PhenoAge). Aging, 10(4), 573–591.

Li, N., Lee, B., Liu, R.-J., Banasr, M., Dwyer, J. M., Iwata, M., Li, X.-Y., Aghajanian, G., & Duman, R. S. (2010).
mTOR-dependent synapse formation underlies the rapid antidepressant effects of NMDA antagonists.
Science, 329(5994), 959–964.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1190287

Lieber, C. S. (2002). S-adenosyl-L-methionine: Its role in the treatment of liver disorders. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(5), 1183S–1187S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1183S

López-Otín, C., Blasco, M. A., Partridge, L., Serrano, M., & Kroemer, G. (2013).
The hallmarks of aging.
Cell, 153(6), 1194–1217.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039

Lu, C., & Thompson, C. B. (2012). Metabolic regulation of epigenetics. Cell Metabolism, 16(1), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.001

Lu, S. C., & Mato, J. M. (2012). S-adenosylmethionine in liver health, injury, and cancer. Physiological Reviews, 92(4), 1515–1542. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00047.2011

M

Maaz, H.-J. (2012). Die narzisstische Gesellschaft. C.H. Beck.

Madeo, F., Pietrocola, F., Eisenberg, T., & Kroemer, G. (2014).
Caloric restriction mimetics: Towards a molecular definition.
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 13(10), 727–740.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd4391

Madeo, F., Carmona-Gutierrez, D., Hofer, S. J., & Kroemer, G. (2018).
Caloric restriction mimetics against age-associated disease.
Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 18(4), 273–293.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-018-0067-7

Madeo, F., Eisenberg, T., Pietrocola, F., & Kroemer, G. (2018).
Spermidine in health and disease.
Science, 359(6374), eaan2788.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2788

Martínez-Reyes, I., & Chandel, N. S. (2020). Mitochondrial TCA cycle metabolites control physiology and disease. Nature Communications, 11, 102.

Mato, J. M., Martínez-Chantar, M. L., & Lu, S. C. (2008).
Methionine metabolism and liver disease.
Annual Review of Nutrition, 28, 273–293.
https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.28.061807.155438

McEwen, B. S. (2007).
Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain.
Physiological Reviews, 87(3), 873–904.
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00041.2006

McEwen, B. S., & Wingfield, J. C. (2010). What is in a name? Integrating homeostasis, allostasis and stress. Hormones and Behavior, 57(2), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.011

Meaney, M. J. (2010).
Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interactions.
Child Development, 81(1), 41–79.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x

Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005). Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation: Life at the interface between a dynamic environment and a fixed genome. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 7(2), 103–123.

Meaney, M. J., & Szyf, M. (2005).
Environmental programming of stress responses through DNA methylation.
Molecular Psychiatry, 10(12), 1031–1042.
https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.mp.4001736

Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to chronic diseases of aging. Psychological Bulletin, 137(6), 959–997. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024768

Mischoulon, D., & Fava, M. (2002). Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 76(5), 1158S–1161S. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/76.5.1158S

Mischoulon, D., Price, L. H., Carpenter, L. L., Tyrka, A. R., Papakostas, G. I., Baer, L., Dording, C. M., Clain, A. J., Durham, K., Walker, R., Ludington, E., & Fava, M. (2014). A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of S-adenosyl-L-methionine versus escitalopram in major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75(4), 370–376. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.13m08591

Moore, L. D., Le, T., & Fan, G. (2013).
DNA methylation and its basic function.
Neuropsychopharmacology, 38(1), 23–38.
https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2012.112

Morrison, L. D., Smith, D. D., & Kish, S. J. (1996). Brain S-adenosylmethionine levels are severely decreased in Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 67(3), 1328–1331. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67031328.x

N

Natoli, G., Ghisletti, S., & Barozzi, I. (2011).
The genomic landscapes of inflammation.
Genes & Development, 25(2), 101–106.
https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.2017911

Needham, B. L., Smith, J. A., Zhao, W., Wang, X., Mukherjee, B., Kardia, S. L. R., & Diez Roux, A. V. (2015). Life course socioeconomic status and DNA methylation. American Journal of Epidemiology, 182(9), 765–774. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwv107

Netea, M. G., et al. (2016).
Trained immunity: A program of innate immune memory in health and disease.
Science, 352(6284), aaf1098.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf1098

Netea, M. G., et al. (2020).
Defining trained immunity and its role in health and disease.
Nature Reviews Immunology, 20(6), 375–388.
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0285-6

Nestler, E. J. (2014).
Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction.
Neuropharmacology, 76(Part B), 259–268.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.004

O

O’Neill, L. A. J., Kishton, R. J., & Rathmell, J. (2016).
A guide to immunometabolism for immunologists.
Nature Reviews Immunology, 16(9), 553–565.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nri.2016.70

O’Neill, L. A. J., & Hardie, D. G. (2013).
Metabolism of inflammation limited by AMPK and pseudo-starvation.
Nature, 493(7432), 346–355.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11862

O’Toole, C. K., Wen, J., MULTI Consortium, et al. (2026). Sleep chart of biological ageing clocks in middle and late life. Nature, 642, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-026-10524-5

Olson, E. N. (2006).
Gene regulatory networks in the evolution and development of the heart.
Science, 313(5795), 1922–1927.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1132292

Ordovás, J. M., & Ferguson, L. R. (2017).
Nutritional epigenomics and nutriepigenetics.
Nutrition Reviews, 75(6), 463–482.
https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nux001

P

Painter, R. C., Osmond, C., Gluckman, P., Hanson, M., Phillips, D. I. W., & Roseboom, T. J. (2008). Transgenerational effects of prenatal exposure to famine. BJOG, 115(10), 1243–1249.

Panda, S. (2016).
Circadian physiology of metabolism.
Science, 354(6315), 1008–1015.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aah4967

Paolicelli, R. C., et al. (2011).
Synaptic pruning by microglia is necessary for normal brain development.
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